Purpose: Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) located in the cavernous sinus (CS), clivus, and condyle can be osseous shunts in nature. Here, we reviewed the angioarchitecture, clinical characteristics, and treatment results of AVFs in these lesions.
Methods: Twenty-five patients with 27 lesions who underwent rotational angiography in our department between May 2013 and December 2019 were reviewed. We examined 20 CS AVFs, 2 clival AVFs, and 5 condylar AVFs. We divided the anatomical shunted pouches into five locations: the dorsum sellae (posteromedial of the CS), posterolateral wall of the CS, lateral wall of the CS, clivus, and condyle. We divided the AVFs into three categories: intraosseous, transitional, and nonosseous shunts. We analyzed the characteristics and treatment results.
Results: A total of 33 shunted pouches or points were identified in 27 lesions. The dorsum sellae (n = 16) was the most frequent location. Fourteen AVFs (88%) in the dorsum sellae were osseous (intraosseous or transitional) shunts. All AVFs in the clivus or condyle were also osseous shunts. Eleven lesions (92%) of intraosseous and all lesions of transitional shunts exhibited bilateral external carotid artery involvement as feeders. Ten lesions (83%) of intraosseous shunts were treated with selective transvenous embolization of the shunted pouch with or without additional partial embolization of the sinus. Eleven (92%) intraosseous shunts were completely occluded, and symptom resolution was achieved in all intraosseous shunts.
Conclusion: Most of the CS AVFs with shunted pouches in the dorsum sellae and all of the AVFs in the clivus and condyle share similar characteristics.
Keywords: Clivus; Condyle; Dorsum sellae; Osseous arteriovenous fistula; Selective embolization.