Background: PRR (Pattern Recognition Receptor) agonists have been widely tested as potent vaccine adjuvants. TLR7 (Toll-Like Receptor 7) and NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) are key innate receptors widely expressed at mucosal levels.
Methods: Here, we evaluated the immunostimulatory properties of a novel hybrid chemical compound designed to stimulate both TLR7 and NOD2 receptors.
Finding: The combined TLR7/NOD2 agonist showed increase efficacy than TLR7L or NOD2L agonists alone or combined in different in vitro models. Dual TLR7/NOD2 agonist efficiently stimulates TLR7 and NOD2, and promotes the maturation and reprogramming of human dendritic cells, as well as the secretion of pro-inflammatory or adaptive cytokines. This molecule also strongly induces autophagy in human cells which is a major intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes in both MHC class I and II-restricted antigen presentation. In vivo, TLR7/NOD2L agonist is a potent adjuvant after intranasal administration with NP-p24 HIV vaccine, inducing high-quality humoral and adaptive responses both in systemic and mucosal compartments. Use of TLR7/NOD2L adjuvant improves very significantly the protection of mice against an intranasal challenge with a vaccinia virus expressing the p24.
Interpretation: Dual TLR7/NOD2L agonist is a very potent and versatile vaccine adjuvant and promote very efficiently both systemic and mucosal immunity.
Funding: This work was supported by Sidaction.
Keywords: Adjuvants; Chimeric; NOD2; TLR7; Vaccine.
Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.