Abstract
It has been more than a decade since the last comprehensive review of the phase-variable uropathogen-associated pyelonephritis-associated pilus (pap) genetic switch. Since then, important data have come to light, including additional factors that regulate pap expression, better characterization of H-NS regulation, the structure of the Lrp octamer in complex with pap regulatory DNA, the temperature-insensitive phenotype of a mutant lacking the acetyltransferase RimJ, evidence that key components of the regulatory machinery are acetylated, and new insights into the role of DNA binding by key regulators in shaping both the physical structure and regulatory state of the papI and papBA promoters. This review revisits pap, integrating these newer observations with older ones to produce a new model for the concerted behavior of this virulence-regulatory region.
Keywords:
acetylation; bacteria; epigenetics; gene silencing; genetic models; histone; nucleoid-associated protein; phase variation; pili; protein acetylation; temperature; transcription.
Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
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Review
MeSH terms
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Acetylation
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Acetyltransferases / metabolism
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Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein / metabolism
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DNA, Bacterial / genetics
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DNA, Bacterial / metabolism
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Epigenesis, Genetic*
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Escherichia coli Proteins / genetics*
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Escherichia coli Proteins / metabolism
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Fimbriae Proteins / genetics*
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Fimbriae Proteins / metabolism
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Fimbriae, Bacterial / genetics*
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Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial*
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Leucine-Responsive Regulatory Protein / metabolism
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Membrane Proteins / genetics*
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Membrane Proteins / metabolism
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Models, Genetic
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Promoter Regions, Genetic
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Repressor Proteins / genetics*
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Repressor Proteins / metabolism
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Ribosomal Proteins / metabolism
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Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific) / metabolism
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Temperature
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Transcription Factors / genetics*
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Transcription Factors / metabolism
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Transcription, Genetic
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Uropathogenic Escherichia coli / genetics*
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Uropathogenic Escherichia coli / metabolism
Substances
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AtpA protein, E coli
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Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein
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DNA, Bacterial
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Escherichia coli Proteins
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FimG protein, E coli
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Lrp protein, E coli
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Membrane Proteins
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PapI protein, E coli
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Repressor Proteins
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Ribosomal Proteins
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Transcription Factors
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atpD protein, E coli
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crp protein, E coli
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RimJ protein, E coli
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Leucine-Responsive Regulatory Protein
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Fimbriae Proteins
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Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific)
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dam protein, E coli
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Acetyltransferases