Background: The associations between various kinds of parental support and children and adolescents' physical activity (PA) are inconclusive. This study aimed 1) to examine the associations between various kinds of parental support and children and adolescents' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and 2) to examine gender and age differences in the association between each specific kind of parental support and MVPA.
Methods: Using a multi-stage stratified and random cluster sampling method, 711 schools in Shanghai were selected (data were collected from October 2014 to February 2015). In total, 61,429 school-aged children (6-18 years old, 50.7% boys) and their parents were included. Self-reported questionnaires were used to measure sociodemographic characteristics, MVPA and various kinds of parental support, including parental encouragement (PAEN), parental involvement (PAIV), parental financial support (PAFS) and, parental modeling (PAMD). Descriptive statistics and Chi-square were used to report the level of MVPA and its difference across various kinds of parental support by gender groups. The logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between parental support and MVPA with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results: Overall, 19.4% of children and adolescents accumulated MVPA at least 60 min/day. Boys were more physically active than girls (21.4% > 17.4%, p < 0.001). According to the observation of OR estimates, girls may be more susceptible to the influences from various kinds of parental support than boys (OR = 1.59, 1.61, 1.27 and 1.63, 95% CI: 1.19-1.73 among girls, and OR = 1.48, 1.60, 1.21, and 1.60, 95% CI: 1.14-1.69 among boys for PAEN, PAIV, PAFS and PAMD respectively). PAMD is the only one supportive kind that was positively associated with MVPA in both genders across all grades (OR = 1.29-2.98, 95% CI: 1.09-4.08 among boys; OR = 1.27-2.64, 95% CI: 1.10-4.10 among girls).
Conclusions: Less than one fifth of children and adolescents accumulated 60 min MVPA per day. Various kinds of parental support have important effects on children and adolescents' MVPA, which varied by gender and grades. PAMD, in particular, should be emphasized more than PAEN, PAIV and PAFS in family-based interventions aiming at increasing PA in the future.
Keywords: Children and adolescents; Chinese family; Exercise; Parental support; Physical activity; Shanghai.