Consumption of identically formulated foods extruded under low and high shear force reveals that microbiome redox ratios accompany canine immunoglobulin A production

Abstract

Digestion-resistant starch (RS) can provide health benefits to the host via gut microbiome-mediated metabolism. This study tested the physiological effects on healthy dogs of identically formulated foods processed under high (n = 16) or low (n = 16) shear extrusion conditions resulting in respective lower and higher levels of RS. Faecal samples collected at weeks 3 and 6 were assayed for stool score, proximate analysis, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and microbiome; faecal metabolome was characterized at week 6. Proximate and digestibility analyses of the foods and stool scores and stool proximate analysis showed few differences between the two shear methods except for increased apparent fibre digestibility in the low shear food. In contrast, levels of butyrate (p = .030) and total SCFA (p = .043) were significantly greater in faeces at week 6 from dogs who consumed the low versus high shear food. Faecal IgA levels were significantly higher at week 3 (p = .001) but not week 6 (p = .110) in the low shear food. Significant differences in 166 metabolites between consumption of the two foods were identified via faecal metabolomic analysis, with changes in sugars, bile acids, advanced glycation end products and few amino acids. Strikingly, consumption of the low shear food resulted in elevated levels of the reduced members of redox couples derived from metabolized sugars and branched-chain and phenyl amino acids. Alpha diversity of the microbiome showed significantly higher species richness in faeces from the low shear group at week 6, though other measures of diversity were similar for both foods. Twelve genus-level operational taxonomic units (OTU; half Firmicutes) significantly differed between the food types. Six OTU significantly correlated with RS-derived sugars and ratios of the redox couples. Taken together, these data show that RS impacts microbiome-mediated metabolism in the gut, resulting in changes in the reducing state.

Keywords: canine; immunoglobulin A; metabolome; microbiome; redox; resistant starch.