Does Cardiorespiratory Fitness Buffer Stress Reactivity and Stress Recovery in Police Officers? A Real-Life Study

René Schilling; Christian Herrmann; Sebastian Ludyga; Flora Colledge; Serge Brand; Uwe Pühse; Markus Gerber

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00594

Does Cardiorespiratory Fitness Buffer Stress Reactivity and Stress Recovery in Police Officers? A Real-Life Study

Front Psychiatry. 2020 Jun 23:11:594. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00594. eCollection 2020.

Authors

René Schilling¹, Christian Herrmann², Sebastian Ludyga¹, Flora Colledge¹, Serge Brand^{1

3

4

5

6}, Uwe Pühse¹, Markus Gerber¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
² Zurich University of Teacher Education, Zurich, Switzerland.
³ Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
⁴ Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
⁵ Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
⁶ School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teheran, Iran.

Abstract

High levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have the potential to buffer against physical and mental health impairments, which can result from exposure to occupational stress. Police officers are especially at risk of high psychosocial stress; therefore, effective intervention strategies are warranted. Given this background, the purpose of the present study was to examine whether police officers with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness differ with regard to their (a) physiological stress reactivity during acute real-life stress situations, and (b) physiological recovery related to acute and chronic work stress. In total, 201 police officers took part in this study (M = 38.6 years, SD = 10.1, 35.8% females). Officers were contacted eight times on a smartphone during their workday, and asked to report their current level of positive and negative affect, as well as feelings of stress and anger. Physiological stress responses and recovery (heart rate variability) were assessed using Movisens EcgMove3 devices. The Åstrand bicycle ergometer test was used to assess participants' cardiorespiratory fitness. Chronic work stress was assessed using the effort-reward imbalance model and the job strain model. Multilevel modeling was used to test buffering effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on physiological stress reactivity. Linear regression was applied to test stress-buffering effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on physiological recovery. Results showed lowered physiological stress reactivity to acute work stress in officers with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. However, these results were not consistent, with no effects occurring for feelings of anger, positive affect, and negative affect. Chronic work stress (effort-reward imbalance) was related to lower physiological recovery. Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively related to physiological recovery. Data did not support interactions between work stress and cardiorespiratory fitness on physiological recovery. To some extent, cardiorespiratory fitness seems to have the potential to buffer stress reactivity in police officers in acute stress situations. Therefore, we encourage promoting fitness programs which aim to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness in stressful occupations such as law enforcement. Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness might further enhance physiological recovery from chronic work stress, which is thought to improve cardiovascular health.

Keywords: ambulatory assessment; cardiorespiratory fitness; cross-stressor adaptation; ecological momentary assessment; heart rate variability; occupational stress; stress reactivity; stress recovery; stress-buffer.