Gaussian discriminative component analysis for early detection of Alzheimer's disease: A supervised dimensionality reduction algorithm

Abstract

Background: Using multiple modalities of biomarkers, several machine leaning-based approaches have been proposed to characterize patterns of structural, functional and metabolic differences discernible from multimodal neuroimaging data for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current investigations report several studies using binary classification often augmented with local feature selection methods, while fewer other studies address the challenging problem of multiclass classification.

New method: To assess the merits of each of these research directions, this study introduces a supervised Gaussian discriminative component analysis (GDCA) algorithm, which can effectively delineate subtle changes of early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI) group in relation to the cognitively normal control (CN) group. Using 251 CN, 297 EMCI, 196 late MCI (LMCI), and 162 AD subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and considering both structural and functional (metabolic) information from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) modalities as input, the proposed method conducts a dimensionality reduction algorithm taking into consideration the interclass information to define an optimal eigenspace that maximizes the discriminability of selected eigenvectors.

Results: The proposed algorithm achieves an accuracy of 79.25 % for delineating EMCI from CN using 38.97 % of Gaussian discriminative components (i.e., dimensionality reduction). Moreover, for detecting the different stages of AD, a multiclass classification experiment attained an overall accuracy of 67.69 %, and more notably, discriminates MCI and AD groups from the CN group with an accuracy of 75.28 % using 48.90 % of the Gaussian discriminative components.

Comparison with existing method(s): The classification results of the proposed GDCA method outperform the more recently published state-of-the-art methods in AD-related multiclass classification tasks, and seems to be the most stable and reliable in terms of relating the most relevant features to the optimal classification performance.

Conclusion: The proposed GDCA model with its high prospects for multiclass classification has a high potential for deployment as a computer aided clinical diagnosis system for AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Computer-aided diagnosis; Dimensionality reduction; Mild cognitive impairment (MCI); Multiclass classification; Multimodal analysis.