The Hikikomori Phenomenon of Social Withdrawal: An Emerging Condition Involving Youth's Mental Health and Social Participation

Affiliations

• ¹ European Paediatric Association/Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations (EPA/UNEPSA), Berlin, Germany; Italian Society of Pediatrics, Rome, Italy.
• ² Italian Society of Pediatrics, Rome, Italy.
• ³ European Paediatric Association/Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations (EPA/UNEPSA), Berlin, Germany; Medical School of Split, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia.
• ⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
• ⁵ Department of Pediatrics, Scientific Institute "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", Foggia, Italy.
• ⁶ European Paediatric Association/Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations (EPA/UNEPSA), Berlin, Germany; University of Istanbul, Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
• ⁷ European Paediatric Association/Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations (EPA/UNEPSA), Berlin, Germany; University of Foggia, Department of Pediatrics, Scientific Institute "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", Foggia, Italy. Electronic address: mpm@unifg.it.
• ⁸ European Paediatric Association/Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations (EPA/UNEPSA), Berlin, Germany; 2nd Pediatric Clinic, Mother and Child Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Haţieganu Cluj-Napoca, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.