1 Center for Healthcare Delivery Science and Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (A.C.L.).
2 Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.E.W.).
3 Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, and National Clinician Scholars Program at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (T.J.I.).