BACKGROUND Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) that is particularly prevalent in school-aged children. This study explored the potential involvement of cytokines in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS Children aged 3-7 years who were hospitalized due to CAP infection were enrolled and divided into 2 groups: an MPP group (n=33) and a NMPP group (n=38), along with 21 age-matched healthy controls. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data were recorded. Serum levels of IL-18, IL-33, IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13 were assessed using Luminex xMAP technology. Correlation analysis and ROC curves analysis were also performed to further explore the role of these detected cytokines in CAP. RESULTS Compared with the healthy controls, the serum expression of IL-18, IL-33, IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13 were significantly higher in the MPP and NMPP groups. Furthermore, serum IL-18 expression was found to be significantly correlated with lgE, FeNO, IL-5, IL-8, and IL-13 concentrations. Significant differences were also observed between the MPP group and NMPP group patients in levels of IL-18, IL-5, and IL-6, and further ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of IL-18 and IL-5 were 0.813 (95% CI: 0.710-0.917; P<0.01) and 0.844 (95% CI: 0.756-0.933; P<0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS IL-18, IL-33, IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13 serum levels showed significant differences in children with CAP. IL-18 and IL-5 were much higher in the MPP group compared to the NMPP group patients, whereas IL-6 levels were significantly lower in these 2 groups.