Automatic hoof-on and -off detection in horses using hoof-mounted inertial measurement unit sensors

PLoS One. 2020 Jun 3;15(6):e0233266. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233266. eCollection 2020.

Abstract

For gait classification, hoof-on and hoof-off events are fundamental locomotion characteristics of interest. These events can be measured with inertial measurement units (IMUs) which measure the acceleration and angular velocity in three directions. The aim of this study was to present two algorithms for automatic detection of hoof-events from the acceleration and angular velocity signals measured by hoof-mounted IMUs in walk and trot on a hard surface. Seven Warmblood horses were equipped with two wireless IMUs, which were attached to the lateral wall of the right front (RF) and hind (RH) hooves. Horses were walked and trotted on a lead over a force plate for internal validation. The agreement between the algorithms for the acceleration and angular velocity signals with the force plate was evaluated by Bland Altman analysis and linear mixed model analysis. These analyses were performed for both hoof-on and hoof-off detection and for both algorithms separately. For the hoof-on detection, the angular velocity algorithm was the most accurate with an accuracy between 2.39 and 12.22 ms and a precision of around 13.80 ms, depending on gait and hoof. For hoof-off detection, the acceleration algorithm was the most accurate with an accuracy of 3.20 ms and precision of 6.39 ms, independent of gait and hoof. These algorithms look highly promising for gait classification purposes although the applicability of these algorithms should be investigated under different circumstances, such as different surfaces and different hoof trimming conditions.

Publication types

  • Evaluation Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Acceleration
  • Algorithms*
  • Animals
  • Biomechanical Phenomena
  • Female
  • Forelimb / physiology
  • Gait / physiology*
  • Gait Analysis / instrumentation
  • Gait Analysis / statistics & numerical data
  • Gait Analysis / veterinary*
  • Hindlimb / physiology
  • Hoof and Claw / physiology
  • Horses / physiology*
  • Linear Models
  • Male
  • Remote Sensing Technology / instrumentation
  • Remote Sensing Technology / statistics & numerical data
  • Remote Sensing Technology / veterinary
  • Running / physiology
  • Walking / physiology
  • Wireless Technology / instrumentation
  • Wireless Technology / statistics & numerical data

Grants and funding

No external funding was utilized for the current analysis of the existing data. Indirect support was provided through salaries by the home institutions of all co-authors. Inertia-Technology B.V. provided support in the form of salary for author S. Bosch, Rosmark Consultancy provided support in the form of salary for author J.P. Voskamp, the specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contribution’ section. The funders did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.