Deep-learned short tau inversion recovery imaging using multi-contrast MR images

Abstract

Purpose: To generate short tau, or short inversion time (TI), inversion recovery (STIR) images from three multi-contrast MR images, without additional scanning, using a deep neural network.

Methods: For simulation studies, we used multi-contrast simulation images. For in-vivo studies, we acquired knee MR images including 288 slices of T₁ -weighted (T₁ -w), T₂ -weighted (T₂ -w), gradient-recalled echo (GRE), and STIR images taken from 12 healthy volunteers. Our MR image synthesis method generates a new contrast MR image from multi-contrast MR images. We used a deep neural network to identify the complex relationships between MR images that show various contrasts for the same tissues. Our contrast-conversion deep neural network (CC-DNN) is an end-to-end architecture that trains the model to create one image from three (T₁ -w, T₂ -w, and GRE images). We propose a new loss function to take into account intensity differences, misregistration, and local intensity variations. The CC-DNN-generated STIR images were evaluated with four quantitative evaluation metrics, including mean squared error, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), and multi-scale SSIM (MS-SSIM). Furthermore, a subjective evaluation was performed by musculoskeletal radiologists.

Results: Our method showed improved results in all quantitative evaluations compared with other methods and received the highest scores in subjective evaluations by musculoskeletal radiologists.

Conclusion: This study suggests the feasibility of our method for generating STIR sequence images without additional scanning that offered a potential alternative to the STIR pulse sequence when additional scanning is limited or STIR artifacts are severe.

Keywords: deep learning; image synthesis; knee; magnetic resonance imaging; neural network; short tau inversion recovery; short-TI inversion recovery.