Associations of different types of dairy intakes with depressive symptoms in adults

Abstract

Background: Current evidence on the associations between different types of milk products and depressive symptoms is few and controversial, and there has been no study focusing on different types of milk (whole-fat, low-fat, and skim). This study aimed to appraise their associations.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included adults (N=21,924) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2016. Patient Health Questionnaire was used to evaluate depressive symptoms. Logistic regression model was implemented to assess the association of dairy consumption with depressive symptoms.

Results: After multivariate adjustment, compared to non-consumers, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of depressive symptoms for intake < 175.38 g/d and 175.38 to < 321.56 g/d of skim milk were 0.48 (0.27-0.85) and 0.46 (0.29-0.75), and 0.70 (0.55-0.88) for intake < 81.00 g/d of milk desserts, while 1.61 (1.05-2.46), 1.70 (1.15-2.50) and 1.55 (1.11-2.16) for intake < 129.63 g/d, 129.63 to < 289.75 g/d and ≥ 289.75 g/d of whole milk, respectively. These associations remained significant in stratified analyses by gender and age. Additionally, yogurt was negatively associated with depressive symptoms in both females and the age group (≥ 60 years). Low-fat milk was inversely associated with depressive symptoms for both males and the age group (≥ 60 years). Moderate creams intake was negatively associated with depressive symptoms in males.

Limitations: It was difficult to infer causality for a cross-sectional study.

Conclusions: Intakes of skim milk and moderate milk desserts were negatively associated with depressive symptoms, while whole milk was positively associated with depressive symptoms among adults.

Keywords: Adult; Cross-sectional studies; Dairy; Depressive symptoms; Skim milk; Whole milk.