This historical review presents the relevant data about the evolution of the surgical treatment of neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Starting with the first clinical description by Smellie in 1754, we will present the initial enthusiasm for the surgery followed by a lack of interest that lasted many years, the resurgence of interest in operative management in the 1970s, and the consolidation in the 1980s of surgery as the standard indication in cases of neonatal brachial plexus palsy without a functional spontaneous recovery.
Keywords: History; Neonatal brachial plexus palsy; Surgical treatment.