Monitoring Breathing Frequency, Pattern, and Effort

Abstract

Monitoring respiratory values such as breathing frequency, minute ventilation, breathing effort, and dyspnea are common in acute care. There is evidence that accurate monitoring and interpretation of these values leads to early identification and treatment of impending respiratory failure. Despite this evidence, some values, such as breathing frequency, are largely undervalued in the clinical setting. The undervaluation of breathing frequency is complex and will require a multifaceted approach, including education and improved technology, to reestablish its clinical potential. Many questions remain regarding how to most efficiently and effectively monitor other respiratory values, like noninvasive minute volume and breathing effort, as well. As technology continues to improve alongside the understanding of respiratory physiology, clinicians are able to apply basic clinical assessment skills and technology together to improve patient safety and outcomes.

Keywords: breathing frequency; capnography; capnometry; dyspnea; end-tidal carbon dioxide; minute ventilation; monitoring; patient assessment; physical examination; vital signs.