We present a fast and robust framework to prepare nonclassical states of a bosonic mode exploiting a coherent exchange of excitations with a two-level system ruled by a Jaynes-Cummings interaction mechanism. Our protocol, which is built on shortcuts to adiabaticity, allows for the generation of arbitrary Fock states of the bosonic mode, as well as coherent quantum superpositions of a Schrödinger cat-like form. In addition, we show how to obtain a class of photon-shifted states where the vacuum population is removed, a result akin to photon addition, but displaying more nonclassicality than standard photon-added states. Owing to the ubiquity of the spin-boson interaction that we consider, our proposal is amenable for implementations in state-of-the-art experiments.