Increased Sensitivity of Mice Lacking Extrasynaptic δ-Containing GABAA Receptors to Histamine Receptor 3 Antagonists

Shamsiiat Abdurakhmanova; Milo Grotell; Jenna Kauhanen; Anni-Maija Linden; Esa R Korpi; Pertti Panula

doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00594

Increased Sensitivity of Mice Lacking Extrasynaptic δ-Containing GABA_A Receptors to Histamine Receptor 3 Antagonists

Front Pharmacol. 2020 May 6:11:594. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00594. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Shamsiiat Abdurakhmanova¹, Milo Grotell², Jenna Kauhanen¹, Anni-Maija Linden², Esa R Korpi², Pertti Panula¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
² Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Abstract

Histamine/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons of posterior hypothalamus send wide projections to many brain areas and participate in stabilizing the wake state. Recent research has suggested that GABA released from the histamine/GABA neurons acts on extrasynaptic GABA_A receptors and balances the excitatory effect of histamine. In the current study, we show the presence of vesicular GABA transporter mRNA in a majority of quantified hypothalamic histaminergic neurons, which suggest vesicular release of GABA. As histamine/GABA neurons form conventional synapses infrequently, it is possible that GABA released from these neurons diffuses to target areas by volume transmission and acts on extrasynaptic GABA receptors. To investigate this hypothesis, mice lacking extrasynaptic GABA_A receptor δ subunit (Gabrd KO) were used. A pharmacological approach was employed to activate histamine/GABA neurons and induce histamine and presumably, GABA, release. Control and Gabrd KO mice were treated with histamine receptor 3 (Hrh3) inverse agonists ciproxifan and pitolisant, which block Hrh3 autoreceptors on histamine/GABA neurons and histamine-dependently promote wakefulness. Low doses of ciproxifan (1 mg/kg) and pitolisant (5 mg/kg) reduced locomotion in Gabrd KO, but not in WT mice. EEG recording showed that Gabrd KO mice were also more sensitive to the wake-promoting effect of ciproxifan (3 mg/kg) than control mice. Low frequency delta waves, associated with NREM sleep, were significantly suppressed in Gabrd KO mice compared with the WT group. Ciproxifan-induced wakefulness was blocked by histamine synthesis inhibitor α-fluoromethylhistidine (αFMH). The findings indicate that both histamine and GABA, released from histamine/GABA neurons, are involved in regulation of brain arousal states and δ-containing subunit GABA_A receptors are involved in mediating GABA response.

Keywords: Electroencephalogram; GABA; GABAA δ subunit; Gabrd KO mice; ciproxifan; extrasynaptic GABAA receptor; histamine; pitolisant.