Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of three-dimensional(3D) visualization technology in the precision diagnosis and treatment for primary liver cancer. Methods: A total of 1 665 patients with primary liver cancer who admitted to seven medical centers in China between January 2009 to January 2019, diagnosed and treated by 3D visualization protocol were analyzed, and their clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. There were 1 255 males(75.4%) and 410 females(24.6%), with age of (52.9±11.9) years (range: 18 to 86 years). The acquisition of high-quality CT images with submillimeter spatial resolution were conducted using a quality control system. By means of homogenization methods, 3D reconstruction and 3D visualization analysis were performed. Postoperative observation: pathology reports, microvascular invasion, perioperative complications and follow-up. SPSS 25.0 statistical software was used for statistical description and analysis of clinical data. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to calculate overall survival and disease-free survival rate. Results: (1)In the sample of 1 265 patients, 3D reconstructed models clearly displayed as follows. tumor size: ≤2 cm in 155 cases (9.31%), >2 cm to 5 cm in 551 cases (33.09%), >5 cm to 10 cm in 636 cases (38.20%), >10 cm in 323 cases (19.40%). (2) Classification of hepatic blood vessels. Hepatic artery: type Ⅰ(normal type) in 1 494 cases(89.73%),variant hepatic artery in 171 cases (10.27%), including type Ⅱ in 35 cases, type Ⅲ in 38 cases, and other types in 98 cases. Hepatic vein: type Ⅰ (normal) in 1 195 cases (71.77%),variant hepatic veins in 470 cases(28.23%), including type Ⅱ in 376 cases and type Ⅲ in 94 cases. Portal vein:normal type in 1 315 cases (78.98%), variant portal veins in 350 cases (21.02%), including type Ⅰ in 189 cases, type Ⅱin 103 cases, type Ⅲ in 50 cases, type Ⅳ in 8 cases. Hepatic artery variation coexisting with portal vein variation in 24 cases (1.44%). Hepatic vein variation coexisting with portal vein variation in 113 cases (6.79%). Three types of vascular variation in 4 cases (0.24%), including coexistence of type Ⅱ hepatic artery variation or type Ⅰ portal vein variation with type Ⅲ hepatic vein variation in 2 cases,coexistence of type Ⅲ hepatic artery variation or type Ⅲ portal vein variation with type Ⅱ hepatic vein variation in 2 cases. (3) Preoperative liver volume calculation:1 499.3 (514.4)ml (range:641.7 to 6 637.0 ml) of total liver volume, including 479.1 (460.1) ml (range:10.5 to 2 086.8 ml) for liver resection and 959.9 (460.4)ml (range:306.1 to 5 638.0 ml) for residual function. (4)Operative methods: anatomical hepatectomy in 1 458 cases (87.57%); non-anatomic hepatectomy in 207 cases (12.43%). (5)the median operation time was 285(165)minutes (range: 40 to720 minutes). (6)The median intraoperative blood loss was 200(250)ml (range:10 to 4 200 ml) and 346 cases (20.78%) had intraoperative transfusion. (7)Pathology reports: hepatocellular carcinoma in 1 371 cases (82.34%), cholangiocarcinoma in 260 cases (15.62%) and mixed hepatocellular carcinoma in 34 cases (2.04%). Microvascular invasion: M0 in 199 cases, M1 in 64 cases, and M2 in 27 cases. (8)Postoperative complications in 207 cases (12.43%), including Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ in 57 cases, grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ in 147 cases and grade Ⅴ in 3 cases.There were 13 cases (0.78%) of liver failure and 3 cases (0.18%) of perioperative death. (9) The follow-up time was 3.0 to 96.0 months, with a median time of 21.0(17.8) years. The overall 3-year survival and disease-free survival rates were 80.0% and 56.5%, respectively. The overall 5-year survival and disease-free survival rates were 59.7% and 30.0%, respectively. Conclusion: 3D visualization technology plays an important role in realizing accurate diagnosis of anatomical location and morphology of primary liver cancer, improving the success rate of surgery and reducing the incidence of complications.
目的： 探讨三维可视化技术在原发性肝癌精准诊治中的效果。 方法： 回顾性分析2009年1月至2019年1月我国7家医疗中心使用三维可视化技术精准诊治的1 665例原发性肝癌患者的临床资料。男性1 255例（75.4%），女性410例（24.6%），年龄（52.9±11.9）岁（范围：18~86岁）。采用质控化手段采集高质量亚毫米CT图像数据，使用同质化手段进行三维重建和三维可视化分析。记录术后病理学检查结果、微血管侵犯、围手术期并发症、随访资料等。采用SPSS 25.0统计软件根据资料类型对临床数据进行统计描述与分析。采用Kaplan-Meier曲线计算总体生存率和无瘤生存率。 结果： （1）三维可视化图像显示，1 665例患者的肿瘤最大径≤2 cm者155例（9.31%），>2~5 cm者551例（33.09%），>5~10 cm者636例（38.20%），>10 cm者323例（19.40%）。（2）肝脏血管的分型：①肝动脉：Ⅰ型（正常型）肝动脉1 494例（89.73%）；变异肝动脉171例（10.27%），其中Ⅱ型35例，Ⅲ型38例，其他类型98例；②肝静脉：Ⅰ型（正常型）肝静脉1 195例（71.77%）；变异肝静脉470例（28.23%），其中Ⅱ型376例，Ⅲ型94例；③门静脉：正常型门静脉1 315例（78.98%）；变异门静脉350例（21.02%），其中Ⅰ型变异189例，Ⅱ型变异103例，Ⅲ型变异50例，Ⅳ型变异8例；④肝动脉并存门静脉变异24例（1.44%）；⑤肝静脉并存门静脉变异113例（6.79%）；⑥并存3种脉管变异4例（0.24%），其中肝动脉Ⅱ型变异、门静脉Ⅰ型变异并存肝静脉Ⅲ型变异2例；肝动脉Ⅲ型变异、门静脉Ⅲ型变异并存肝静脉Ⅱ型变异2例。（3）术前肝体积计算：总肝体积为1 499.3（514.4）ml[M（Q(R)），范围：641.7~6 637.0 ml]，肝切除体积为479.1（460.1）ml（范围：10.5~2 086.8 ml），剩余功能肝体积为959.9（460.4）ml（范围：306.1~5 638.0 ml）。（4）手术方式：解剖性肝切除1 458例（87.57%）；非解剖性肝切除207例（12.43%）。（5）手术时间285（165）min（范围：40~720 min）。（6）术中出血量200（250）ml（范围：10~4 200 ml），术中输血346例（20.78%）。（7）病理学诊断：肝细胞肝癌1 371例（82.34%），胆管细胞癌260例（15.62%），混合性细胞癌34例（2.04%）；微血管侵犯情况：M0期199例，M1期64例，M2期27例。（8）术后发生并发症207例（12.43%），其中Clavien-Dindo分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级57例，Ⅲ或Ⅳ级147例，Ⅴ级3例；肝功能衰竭13例（0.78%），围手术期死亡3例（0.18%）。（9）随访时间21.0（17.8）个月（范围：3.0~96.0个月）。3年累积总体生存率和累积无瘤生存率分别为80.0%和56.5%，5年累积总体生存率和无瘤生存率分别为59.7%和30.0%。 结论： 三维可视化技术可在原发性肝癌解剖和形态精确诊断、提高手术成功率和降低并发症发生率方面发挥重要作用。.
Keywords: Clinical efficacy; Diagnosis; Liver neoplasms; Preoperative planning; Three-dimensional visualization.