Introduction: The live-attenuated BCG vaccine is known to cause disseminated Mycobacterium bovis infection in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). However, BCG-related post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes, similar to those described in patients with HIV infections, are less-known complications of SCID.
Patients and methods: We reported on 22 BCG-vaccinated SCID patients who had received conditioned allogeneic HSCT with TCRαβ+/CD19+ graft depletion. All BCG-vaccinated patients received anti-mycobacterial therapy pre- and post-HSCT. Post-transplant immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus in 10 patients and of 8 mg/kg tocilizumab (d-1, + 14, + 28) and 10 mg/kg abatacept (d-1, + 5, + 14, + 28) in 11 patients.
Results: Twelve patients, five of whom had BCG infection prior to HSCT, developed BCG-related inflammatory syndromes (BCG-IS). Five developed early BCG-IS with the median time of manifestation 11 days after HSCT, corresponding with a dramatic increase of CD3+TCRγδ+ in at least two patients. Early BCG-IS was noted in only one out of 11 patients who received tocilizumab/abatacept and 4 out of 11 patients who did not. Seven patients developed late BCG-IS which corresponded to T cell immune recovery; at the time of manifestation (median 4.2 months after HSCT), the median number of CD3+ cells was 0.42 × 109/ and CD3+CD4+ cells 0.27 × 109/l. In all patients, late BCG-IS was controlled with IL-1 or IL-6 inhibitors.
Conclusion: BCG-vaccinated SCID patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT with TCRαβ+/CD19+ graft depletion are at an increased risk of early and late BCG-IS. Anti-inflammatory therapy with IL-1 and IL-6 blockade is efficient in the prevention of early and treatment of late BCG-IS.
Keywords: BCG infection; TCRαβ+/CD19+ depletion; hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; inflammatory syndrome; severe combined immunodeficiency.