Purpose of review: Jehovah's Witnesses have religious beliefs that preclude transfusion of blood products and certain medical interventions. This presents a unique dilemma and ethical challenge to healthcare providers, especially in a surgical setting.
Recent findings: The growing number of followers of this faith warrants a deeper look at the ethical, legal, and clinical implications of their beliefs. Advances in patient blood management now allow timely optimization before surgery.
Summary: Anticipating the challenges associated with managing and optimizing patients who refuse blood products allows for more favorable outcomes in the preoperative period.