Environmentally sustainable processes for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite

N I Agbeboh; I O Oladele; O O Daramola; A A Adediran; O O Olasukanmi; M O Tanimola

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03765

Environmentally sustainable processes for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite

Heliyon. 2020 Apr 23;6(4):e03765. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03765. eCollection 2020 Apr.

Authors

N I Agbeboh^{1

2}, I O Oladele¹, O O Daramola^{1

3}, A A Adediran⁴, O O Olasukanmi⁵, M O Tanimola⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
² Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Federal University Otuoke, Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
³ Institute of Nano-Engineering Research (INER), Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Polymer Division), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, Omuaran, Kwara State, Nigeria.
⁵ Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
⁶ Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Abstract

Hard tissue regeneration and regrowth have continued to be a challenge in the field of conventional medicine in this 21^st century. Over the years, the regrowth of broken bones and diseased hard tissue has remained a major concern in medical research. Since the discovery of hydroxyapatite (HA), a bioceramic compound that possesses the ability to activate bone regrowth and bond directly with regenerated bone, it has subsequently become an indispensable biomaterial. Currently, it is being used across the medical fields due to its exceptional biocompatibility. This became plausible because the main mineral phase of mammalian bones is HA. It has found application in various medical fields like medical instruments, drug delivery, bone and tooth fillers, prosthetics, orthotics, and in-vitro implants. As the importance of HA geometrically increases, it is necessary to critically evaluate and propose the most economic process of synthesizing and manufacturing this important bioceramic material. This review, therefore, highlights the different sources of HA and the synthesis/production methods for each source with a strong emphasis on the environment. Thus, the appraisal was carried out based on the properties of the derived HA. Such properties include but are not limited to geometry, particle size, morphology, thermal stability, and stoichiometry to suggest the most economic and environmentally sustainable sources and processing routes.

Keywords: Bioceramics; Biocomposites; Biomaterials; Biomedical engineering; Environmental impact assessment; Hard tissue regeneration; Hydroxyapatite; In-vitro implants; Materials chemistry; Materials science; Osteoinductive; Pollution control; Prosthesis.

Publication types

Review