Temperature-resolved magnetic particle imaging (MPI) represents a promising tool for medical imaging applications. In this study an approach based on a single calibration measurement was applied for highlighting the potential of MPI for monitoring of temperatures during thermal ablation of liver tumors. For this purpose, liver tissue and liver tumor phantoms embedding different superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) were prepared, locally heated up to 70 °C and recorded with MPI. Optimal temperature MPI SPIONs and a corresponding linear model for temperature calculation were determined. The temporal and spatial temperature distributions were compared with infrared (IR) camera results yielding quantitative agreements with a mean absolute deviation of 1 °C despite mismatches in boundary areas.