Background: Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is associated with post-surgery outcome in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and an automated method that quantifies HS severity is still lacking. Here, we aim to propose an MRI-based HS index (HSI) that integrates hippocampal volume and FLAIR signal to measure the severity of HS.
Methods: Forty-two pre-surgery TLE patients were included retrospectively, with T1-weighted (T1W) and FLAIR images acquired from each subject. Two experienced neurosurgeons (W.D. and C.S.) and one neurologist (Q.L.) rated HS severity with a four-class grading scale (normal, mild, moderate and severe) based on both hippocampal volume loss and increased FLAIR signal. A consensus of HS severity for each subject was made by voting among the three visual rating results. Regarding the automatic quantification, the hippocampal volume was quantified by AccuBrain on T1W image, and the FLAIR signal of hippocampus was calculated as the mean intensity of hippocampal region on the FLAIR image (normalized by the mean intensity of gray matter). To fit the HSI from visual rating, we applied ordinal regression with the voted visual rating as the dependent variable, and hippocampal volume and FLAIR signal as the independent variables. The HSI was calculated by weighting the predicted probabilities of the four-class grading scales from ordinal regression.
Results: The intra-class correlation coefficient (single measure) of the three raters was 0.806. The generated HSI was significantly correlated with the visual rating scales of the three raters (W.D.: 0.823, Q.L.: 0.817, C.S.: 0.717). HSI scores well differentiated the different HS categories as defined by the agreed HS visual rating (normal vs. mild: p < 0.001, mild vs. moderate: p < 0.001, moderate vs. severe: p = 0.001).
Conclusions: The proposed HSI was consistent with visual rating scales from epileptologists and sensitive to HS severity. This MRI-based index may help to evaluate HS severity in clinical practice. Further validations are needed to associate HSI with post-surgery outcomes.
Keywords: Grading scale; HSI; Hippocampal sclerosis; Quantitative MRI; Temporal lobe epilepsy.