Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β levels among subjects vaping e-cigarettes and nonsmokers

Dharmendra Kumar Sinha; Vishal; Ashish Kumar; Mohsin Khan; Ritu Kumari; Mritunjay Kesari

doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_902_19

Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β levels among subjects vaping e-cigarettes and nonsmokers

J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Feb 28;9(2):1072-1075. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_902_19. eCollection 2020 Feb.

Authors

Dharmendra Kumar Sinha¹, Vishal², Ashish Kumar³, Mohsin Khan⁴, Ritu Kumari¹, Mritunjay Kesari⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Prosthodontics, Awadh Dental College and Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.
² Tutor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Institute, RIMS, Ranchi, India.
³ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Awadh Dental College and Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.
⁴ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, TMDCRC, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
⁵ Department of Prosthodontics, Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Jharkhand, India.

Abstract

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate peri-implant immunological parameters along with clinical and radiographic parameters amongst subjects vaping e-cigarettes and nonsmokers (NS). Two immunological parameters that were included were measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β.

Materials and methods: A statistically significant number of subjects were included in the study and further divided into two groups: Group-1: Vaping e-cigs (n = 47) Group-2: Nonsmokers (n = 45) A structured questionnaire was used at baseline for data collection related to demographic and peri-implant data of each individual. Baseline parameters included plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and peri-implant bone loss (PI, BOP, PD, and PIBL, respectively) for those vaping e-cigs and nonsmokers with the aid of standardized digital radiographs. ELISA kit was used to assess immunologic parameters using sulcular fluid collected from peri-implant region (PISF).

Results: Bleeding on probing (BOP) was found significantly high in nonsmokers compared to the vaping group. But probing depth greater than 4 mm and PIBL scores were significantly higher in the vaping group than nonsmokers. Mean concentrations of immunologic parameters were significantly higher in vaping group than in nonsmokers. TNF-α levels and IL-1β levels were found to have a positive correlation with bone loss around implants (PIBL). Besides, TNF-α also had a positive correlation with bleeding on probing in vaping group compared to nonsmokers.

Conclusions: Owing to the effect of nicotine on the peri-implant tissue, levels of inflammatory mediators as detected by ELISA tests were found to be higher showing a greater amount of localized inflammatory tissue destruction and a compromised peri-implant area in vaping subjects. PISF concentrations were also found relatively higher than nonsmokers.

Keywords: Electronic cigarettes; IL-1β levels; TNF- α; interleukin.