Polarization lidar has been widely used in recent decades to observe the vertical structures of aerosols and clouds in the atmosphere. We developed a dual-polarization lidar system that can detect polarization measurements simultaneously at 355 nm and 532 nm. Dust events and haze episodes over northern China in 2014 were observed by the developed lidar. The results showed that the dust-dominated aerosol depolarization ratios at 532 nm were larger than those at 355 nm, but those of the air pollutants were smaller, indicating that this tool could provide a more accurate classification of aerosols. Moreover, we found a good relationship between the absorption coefficient of aerosols and the ratio of depolarization ratios at 532 nm and 355 nm for dust aerosols. Our results imply that aerosol absorption from polarization measurements may be determined by lidar at the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths.