Machine learning and artificial intelligence research for patient benefit: 20 critical questions on transparency, replicability, ethics, and effectiveness

Affiliations

• ¹ Alan Turing Institute, Kings Cross, London, UK.
• ² Departments of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
• ³ Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
• ⁴ Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK.
• ⁵ Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK.
• ⁶ University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
• ⁷ Science Policy and Research, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Manchester, UK.
• ⁸ Health and Social Care Directorate, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK.
• ⁹ Data and Analytics Group, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK.
• ¹⁰ Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, London, UK.
• ¹¹ Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, London, UK.
• ¹² Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
• ¹³ UK EQUATOR Centre, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
• ¹⁴ Meta-Research Innovation Centre at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
• ¹⁵ Alan Turing Institute, Kings Cross, London, UK cholmes@stats.ox.ac.uk.
• ¹⁶ Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, UK.
• ¹⁷ Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, UK.
• ¹⁸ Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK.
• ¹⁹ National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.