Cross-correlations between gluteal muscle thickness derived from ultrasound imaging and hip biomechanics during walking gait

Abstract

Ultrasound imaging (USI) of muscle thickness offers different insights into musculoskeletal function than kinematics, kinetics, and surface electromyography (sEMG), however it is unknown how USI-derived measures correlate to traditional measures during walking. The purpose of this study was to compare USI-derived gluteus maximus (GMAX) and medius (GMED) thickness measures to tri-planar hip kinematics and kinetics, and GMED thickness to sEMG amplitude. Fourteen females walked on a treadmill at 1.34 m/s. GMAX and GMED thickness, hip tri-planar kinematics, kinetics, and GMED sEMG were simultaneously recorded. USI-derived thickness measures were compared to other biomechanical outcomes using cross-correlation analyses, computed at each 1% (11-ms) of the gait cycle with lag times from -20% to 20%. GMED and GMAX thickness measures were most strongly correlated with hip extension and abduction angles at 150-220-ms lags (cross-correlation coefficients [CCF]: -0.34; -0.83). GMED thickness was most correlated to abduction and external rotation moments simultaneously (CCF: -0.28; -0.47). GMAX thickness and flexion moments were most strongly correlated at a 66-ms lag (CCF: 0.33). GMED sEMG amplitude was most strongly correlated to muscle thickness at a 99-ms lag (CCF: 0.39). These results elucidate the unique information provided from USI-derived measures of gluteal muscle thickness during walking.

Keywords: Electromechanical delay; Gait analysis; Musculoskeletal ultrasound; Neuromuscular adaptations.