When every particle matters: A QuEChERS approach to extract microplastics from environmental samples

Kristina Enders; Robin Lenz; Juliana A Ivar do Sul; Alexander S Tagg; Matthias Labrenz

doi:10.1016/j.mex.2020.100784

When every particle matters: A QuEChERS approach to extract microplastics from environmental samples

MethodsX. 2020 Jan 15:7:100784. doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100784. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Kristina Enders¹, Robin Lenz¹, Juliana A Ivar do Sul¹, Alexander S Tagg¹, Matthias Labrenz¹

Affiliation

¹ Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.

Abstract

The identification of microplastics (MP), especially small (<500 μm) MP, using automated surface-chemistry approaches requires the best possible reduction of natural particles whilst preserving the integrity of the targeted synthetic polymers particles. In general, both natural and synthetic particles can be highly diverse physically and chemically and MP extraction, particularly from complex matrices such as sediments, sludge and soils, requires efficient method pipelines. Our paper presents a universal framework of modular protocols (presented in a decision tree) that fulfil predefined user requirements (QuEChERS: Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) as well as providing best practises for reasonable MP working conditions within a standard laboratory. New procedures and technical innovations for density separation of particle-rich matrices are presented, such as a spiral conveyor developed and validated for MP recovery. In sharing such best-practice protocols, we aim to help in the push towards MP quantification method standardisation. •Publication of protocols of an entire MP extraction (10 μm - 5 mm) pipeline for particle-based analysis of various environmental matrices•Modularity: Optimised quantitative sample preparation adapted to particle sizes and sample matrices•New protocols and technical innovations (e.g. spiral conveyor) optimise MP extraction.

Keywords: A QuEChERS approach to extract microplastics from environmental samples; ATR, attenuated total reflection; Chemical digestion; Contamination prevention; Handbook for laboratory work; MP, microplastics; MPF, microplastic free; MQ (water), MilliQ (water)/ ultrapure water; Manual for good practices on microplastic extraction; PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene; Particle-rich; Purification technique; QA, quality assurance; QC, quality control; QuEChERS, Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe; Recovery rates; SI, supplementary information; SOPs, standard operation procedures; SPT, sodium polytungstate; SR, system requirements; Sequential protocol; TS, technical solution; UR, user requirements; Wastewater; μFTIR, micro Fourier transform infrared.