Source profiles of PM2.5 emitted from four typical open burning sources and its cytotoxicity to vascular smooth muscle cells

Jinhui Wang; Xinyi Niu; Jian Sun; Yue Zhang; Tian Zhang; Zhenxing Shen; Qian Zhang; Hongmei Xu; Xuxiang Li; Renjian Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136949

Source profiles of PM_2.5 emitted from four typical open burning sources and its cytotoxicity to vascular smooth muscle cells

Sci Total Environ. 2020 May 1:715:136949. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136949. Epub 2020 Jan 25.

Authors

Jinhui Wang¹, Xinyi Niu², Jian Sun³, Yue Zhang⁴, Tian Zhang⁴, Zhenxing Shen⁴, Qian Zhang⁴, Hongmei Xu⁴, Xuxiang Li³, Renjian Zhang⁵

Affiliations

¹ NICU, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, China.
² School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China. Electronic address: niuxyjill@163.com.
³ School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
⁴ Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
⁵ Key Lab of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China. Electronic address: zrj@mail.iap.ac.cn.

PMID: 32041051
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136949

Abstract

This study investigated the chemical profiles of PM_2.5 from open burning of electronic waste (E-waste), household garbage, wheat residue, and outdoor barbeque in a combustion chamber. Carbonaceous fractions, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and water-soluble ions and elements in PM_2.5 were quantified. A PM_2.5 exposure study was performed to detect PM_2.5-induced bioreactivities in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Among all fractions, organic carbon (OC) exhibited the highest mass contribution to PM_2.5-ranging from 39.9% ± 0.82% to 53.1% ± 8.76%. Proportions of total water-soluble ions and total elements both followed the sequence E-waste > wheat straw > outdoor barbeque > household garbage. Because of the high burning temperature, outdoor barbeque PM_2.5 exhibited the highest total quantified PAHs (29.7‰). E-waste PM_2.5 exhibited the highest heavy metal contents, derived mainly from the materials in printed circuit boards. The coefficients of divergence among the four source profiles ranged from 0.47 to 0.75, indicating that the collinear problems could be avoided in source apportionment in receptor models. The induced production of reactive oxygen species exhibited a significant dose-dependent increase and followed the sequence E-waste > household garbage > outdoor barbeque > wheat residue. Similar patterns and sequence among the four sources were observed in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) production. The data indicated that PM_2.5 emitted from E-waste has the highest cytotoxicity and special protections should be aimed at mitigating it. The Pearson correlation coefficient demonstrated that elemental carbon, heavy metals, and nitrated PAHs were strongly correlated with VSMC bioreactivity. Light elements exhibited moderate negative correlations with bioreactivities, implying that light elements (e.g., Ca) could mitigate heavy metal-induced cytotoxicity. This study summarized the chemical profiles of PM_2.5 from four typical open burning sources and demonstrated their high cytotoxicity to the cardiovascular system.

Keywords: Cytotoxicity; Open burning; PM(2.5); Vascular smooth muscle cells; Waste burning.

MeSH terms

Air Pollutants
Environmental Monitoring
Muscle, Smooth, Vascular*
Particulate Matter
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Substances

Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons