Objective: To investigate the relationship between loneliness and non-prescribed opioid use in patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder (OUD).
Methods: This was a cohort study conducted at a federally qualified health center (FQHC) in New Haven, CT. Patients who were treated for OUD by health center providers and prescribed buprenorphine were eligible. Participants were asked to complete the UCLA-Loneliness Scale Version 3. From the electronic medical record, we collected patient demographic and clinical characteristics as well as the results of biological fluid testing obtained throughout their treatment course since entry into care. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of the detection of non-prescribed opioids within biological fluid.
Results: Of the 82 patients enrolled in the study, 33 (40.3%) of the participants had at least 1 biological fluid test positive for non-prescribed opioids after maintenance onto buprenorphine treatment. A higher loneliness score was associated with increased odds of non-prescribed opioids (adjusted odds ratio 1.16; 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.27). Patient age, the number of problems on the problems list, and cocaine use were also positively associated with the presence of non-prescribed opioids whereas having diabetes was negatively associated.
Conclusions: Among the individuals being treated with buprenorphine for OUD, loneliness may be a risk factor for the use of non-prescribed opioids or treatment failure.