Circular RNAs-The Road Less Traveled

Abstract

Circular RNAs are the most recent addition in the non-coding RNA family, which has started to gain recognition after a decade of obscurity. The first couple of reports that emerged at the beginning of this decade and the amount of evidence that has accumulated thereafter has, however, encouraged RNA researchers to navigate further in the quest for the exploration of circular RNAs. The joining of 5' and 3' ends of RNA molecules through backsplicing forms circular RNAs during co-transcriptional or post-transcriptional processes. These molecules are capable of effectively sponging microRNAs, thereby regulating the cellular processes, as evidenced by numerous animal and plant systems. Preliminary studies have shown that circular RNA has an imperative role in transcriptional regulation and protein translation, and it also has significant therapeutic potential. The high stability of circular RNA is rendered by its closed ends; they are nevertheless prone to degradation by circulating endonucleases in serum or exosomes or by microRNA-mediated cleavage due to their high complementarity. However, the identification of circular RNAs involves diverse methodologies and the delineation of its possible role and mechanism in the regulation of cellular and molecular architecture has provided a new direction for the continuous research into circular RNA. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanism of circular RNA biogenesis, its structure, properties, degradation, and the growing amount of evidence regarding the detection methods and its role in animal and plant systems.

Keywords: backsplicing; biogenesis; circRNA; long non-coding RNA; miRNA sponging.