Structure-activity relationship of human carbonic anhydrase-II inhibitors: Detailed insight for future development as anti-glaucoma agents

Abstract

Human carbonic anhydrase-II (hCA-II) is the most dominant physiologic isoform amongst the sixteen reported hCA isoforms. Because of its high availability in the different anatomical, and cellular sites of the eye like retina and lens, it plays a more prominent role in the regulation of intraocular pressure than the other twelve catalytically active hCA isoforms. This isoform is also located in the brain, kidney, gastric mucosa, osteoclasts, RBCs, skeletal muscle, testes, pancreas, lungs, etc. Earlier, hCA-II inhibitors were designed based on the sulfonamides e.g. acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide, etc. and they were used systemically in antiglaucoma therapy. Many successful attempts have been made by the researchers in order to design more potent and effective inhibitors by incorporating various moieties in sulphonamides. Some novel scaffolds like chalcones, thiophenes, organotellurium compounds, dithiocarbamate, selenide, and 2-benzylpyrazine, etc. were also designed as hCA-II inhibitors and their inhibitory efficacy was proved in the nanomolar range. In order to obtain relevant information from the insights of their structure-activity relationship, the reported hCA-II inhibitors from the year 1989 to 2019 were critically analysed. It gave a complete insight into the relationship between their structure-activity and hCA-II inhibition. The broad spectrum of our investigation may help researchers to summarize all the crucial structural information required for the development of more potent hCA-II inhibitors for glaucoma.

Keywords: 2-benzylpyrazine; Dithiocarbamate; Human carbonic anhydrase; Organotellurium; Selenide; Structure-activity relationship (SAR); Sulfonamides; hCA-II inhibitors.