1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA; Cardiovascular Research Foundation (CRF), New York, NY, USA.
2 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
3 Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Medicine Department, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
4 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
5 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
6 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Cardiovascular Research Foundation (CRF), New York, NY, USA.
7 Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
8 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
9 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: Harlan.krumholz@yale.edu.