Prediction of load in a long bone using an artificial neural network prediction algorithm

Abstract

The hierarchical nature of bone makes it a difficult material to fully comprehend. The equine third metacarpal (MC3) bone experiences nonuniform surface strains, which are a measure of displacement induced by loads. This paper investigates the use of an artificial neural network expert system to quantify MC3 bone loading. Previous studies focused on determining the response of bone using load, bone geometry, mechanical properties, and constraints as input parameters. This is referred to as a forward problem and is generally solved using numerical techniques such as finite element analysis (FEA). Conversely, an inverse problem has to be solved to quantify load from the measurements of strain and displacement. Commercially available FEA packages, without manipulating their underlying algebraic formulae, are incapable of completing a solution to the inverse problem. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to quantify the load required to produce the MC3 displacement and surface strains determined experimentally. Nine hydrated MC3 bones from thoroughbred horses were loaded in compression in an MTS machine. Ex-vivo experiments measured strain readings from one three-gauge rosette and three distinct single-element gauges at different locations on the MC3 midshaft, associated displacement, and load exposure time. Horse age and bone side (left or right limb) were also recorded for each MC3 bone. This information was used to construct input variables for the ANN model. The ability of this expert system to predict the MC3 loading was investigated. The ANN prediction offered excellent reliability for the prediction of load in the MC3 bones investigated, i.e. R² ≥ 0.98.

Keywords: Artificial neural network (ANN); Equine third metacarpal bone (MC3); Expert system; Load prediction; Long bones; Strains.