Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) has made possible the observation of cellular organelles and macromolecular complexes at nanometer resolution in native conformations. Without disrupting the cell, Cryo-ET directly visualizes both known and unknown structures in situ and reveals their spatial and organizational relationships. Consequently, structural pattern mining (a.k.a. visual proteomics) needs to be performed to detect, identify and recover different sub-cellular components and their spatial organization in a systematic fashion for further biomedical analysis and interpretation. This chapter presents three major Cryo-ET structural pattern mining approaches to give an overview of traditional methods and recent advances in Cryo-ET data analysis. Template-based, supervised deep learning-based and template-free approaches are introduced in detail. Examples of recent biological and medical applications and future perspectives are provided.
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