Synthetic cathinones and their phenethylamine analogues produce distinct psychomotor and reward behavior in crayfish

Abstract

Synthetic cathinones share potent sympathomimetic properties with amphetamines due to their shared phenethylamine backbone. Despite recent work focused on understanding the behavioral effects of synthetic cathinones, a systematic comparison of neuropharmacology, behavior, and physiological effects with other stimulants, has remained elusive. In the present study, we explore the behavioral effects of cathinones in crayfish, a model system which combines a well characterized behavioral paradigm for addiction-like behaviors, a modularly organized nervous system, the lack of a formal blood-brain barrier, and experimental tractability. The objective of this study was to characterize the psychomotor and rewarding effects of methylated cathinones (methylone, mephedrone), and their non β-ketone substituted amphetamine analogs (4-methylmethamphetamine, 4-MMA and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA) in crayfish. Our results suggest that these drugs produce psychostimulation, which sensitizes upon repeated drug administration. Furthermore, crayfish demonstrated a conditioned substrate preference for mephedrone and 4-MMA drug-pairings at a 10 μg/g dose, a preference which persisted even through a series of extinction trials. Our study indicates that synthetic cathinones and substituted amphetamine analogues produce distinct behavioral effects in an invertebrate system which consists of a relatively simple neuronal organization. The present findings provide an evolutionary context to our understanding about how drugs of abuse initiate reward at levels far beyond those specific to humans.

Keywords: Addiction; Conditioned place preference (CPP); Crayfish; Invertebrate reward; Phenethylamines; Psychostimulant sensitization.