How viable are alternatives to animal testing in determining the toxicities of therapeutic drugs?

Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2019 Dec;15(12):985-987. doi: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1694662. Epub 2019 Nov 21.

Authors

Michael Balls¹, Jarrod Bailey², Robert D Combes³

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
² Cruelty Free International, London, UK.
³ Independent Consultant Toxicologist, Norwich, UK.

PMID: 31735089
DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1694662

No abstract available

Keywords: Alternative test methods; animal tests; drug efficacy; drug safety; human variation; integrated testing; interspecies differences.

Publication types

Editorial

MeSH terms

Animal Testing Alternatives / methods*
Animals
Drug Development / methods*
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / methods
Humans
Toxicity Tests / methods*