Imaging of Gastrointestinal Tract Perforation

Abstract

Gastrointestinal tract perforation involving the stomach, duodenum, small intestine, or large bowel occurs as a result of full-thickness gastrointestinal wall injury with release of intraluminal contents into the peritoneal or retroperitoneal cavity. Most cases are associated with high mortality and morbidity, requiring urgent surgical evaluation. Initial patient presentations can be nonspecific with a broad differential, which can delay timely management. This article provides brief overviews of different causes of perforation. Various imaging modalities and protocols are discussed, along with direct and indirect imaging findings of perforation. Specific findings associated with different causes are also described to aid in the diagnosis.

Keywords: Appendicitis; Clostridioides difficile; Diverticulitis; Inflammatory bowel disease; Ischemia; Perforation; Pneumoperitoneum; Ulcer.