1 From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine (E.C.S., E.R.M.) Department of Health Research and Policy (E.C.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (S.G.M.) Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California (E.R.M.).