Objective: Traumatic cerebrovascular injury (TCVI) is a rare and serious complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Various forms of TCVIs have been reported, including occlusions, arteriovenous fistulas, pseudoaneurysms, and transections. They can present at a variety of intervals after TBI and may manifest as sudden episodes, progressive symptoms, and even delayed fatal events. The purpose of this study was to analyze cases of TCVI identified at a single institution and further explore types and characteristics of these complications of TBI in order to improve recognition and treatment of these injuries.
Methods: The authors performed a retrospective review of cases of TCVI identified at their institution between 2013 and 2016. A total of 5178 patients presented with TBI during this time period, and 42 of these patients qualified for a diagnosis of TCVI and had adequate medical and imaging records for analysis. Data from their cases were analyzed, and 3 illustrative cases are presented in detail.
Results: The most common type of TCVI was arteriovenous fistula (86.4%), followed by pseudoaneurysm (11.9%), occlusion (2.4%), and transection (2.4%). The mortality rate of patients with TCVI was 7.1%.
Conclusions: The authors describe the clinical characteristics of patients with TCVI and provide data from a series of 42 cases. It is important to recognize TCVI in order to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment.
Keywords: AVF = arteriovenous fistula; CTA = CT angiography; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; GOS = Glasgow Outcome Scale; ICA = internal carotid artery; MCA = middle cerebral artery; PCA = posterior cerebral artery; PCoA = posterior communicating artery; TBI = traumatic brain injury; TCVI = traumatic cerebrovascular injury; penetrating brain injury; traumatic brain injury; traumatic cerebrovascular injury; vascular injury.