Parasite burden in a short-lived chameleon, Furcifer labordi

Falk Eckhardt; Christina Strube; Karina A Mathes; Frank Mutschmann; Hauke Thiesler; Cornelia Kraus; Peter M Kappeler

doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.010

Parasite burden in a short-lived chameleon, Furcifer labordi

Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2019 Sep 30:10:231-240. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.010. eCollection 2019 Dec.

Authors

Falk Eckhardt¹, Christina Strube², Karina A Mathes³, Frank Mutschmann⁴, Hauke Thiesler⁵, Cornelia Kraus^{1

6}, Peter M Kappeler^{1

6}

Affiliations

¹ Dept. Sociobiology/Anthropology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
² Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
³ Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
⁴ Exomed-Labor, Schönhauser Straße 62, 13127, Berlin, Germany.
⁵ Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
⁶ Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.

Abstract

Life history theory predicts that species with shorter lifespan should show higher investments into growth and reproduction at the expense of immune defenses. Labord's chameleon (Furcifer labordi) is the tetrapod with the shortest known life span. To investigate to which extent immunosenescence influences the die-off of these chameleons when they are only about 6 months old, we examined the gastrointestinal-, blood- and ectoparasite burden in F. labordi in Kirindy Forest (western Madagascar) and compared them with sympatric and longer living F. cf. nicosiai. Moreover, we included data from wild F. labordi that were singly housed under ambient conditions with daily food and water supply. Gastrointestinal parasite prevalence of wild F. labordi increased dramatically during the last 3 months of their lives, which include the reproductive period. Furcifer cf. nicosiai was found to have a belated increase in gastrointestinal parasites compared to F. labordi. In F. cf. nicosiai higher prevalence of blood parasites were found, which probably result from the longer exposure to the arthropod intermediate host. Both species showed infestations with ectoparasites, which peaked in the rainy season but disappeared towards the dry season. Male F. labordi showed a significantly higher prevalence of gastrointestinal - and ectoparasites and higher intensities of coccidians and ectoparasites than females. Males of F. cf. nicosiai exhibited higher prevalence of blood- and ectoparasites, as well as higher intensities in ectoparasites. Caged individuals of both sexes showed delayed senescence, reduced parasite burden and lived longer than their wild conspecifics. Overall, the increase in the prevalence in gastrointestinal - and blood parasites towards the disappearance of the wild population of F. labordi indicates that this species invests comparatively less energy in efficient immune system function, supporting the prediction of life history theory.

Keywords: Aging; Chameleons; Furcifer; Immunosenescence; Parasites.