Prenatal Exposure to PM2.5 and Cardiac Vagal Tone during Infancy: Findings from a Multiethnic Birth Cohort

Abstract

Background: The autonomic nervous system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and responding to external stimuli. In adults, exposure to fine particulate matter (${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$) has been associated with reduced heart rate variability (HRV), an indicator of cardiac autonomic control.

Objectives: Our goal was to investigate the associations of exposure to fine particulate matter (${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$) with HRV as an indicator of cardiac autonomic control during early development.

Methods: We studied 237 maternal-infant pairs in a Boston-based birth cohort. We estimated daily residential ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ using satellite data in combination with land-use regression predictors. In infants at 6 months of age, we measured parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity using continuous electrocardiogram monitoring during the Repeated Still-Face Paradigm, an experimental protocol designed to elicit autonomic reactivity in response to maternal interaction and disengagement. We used multivariable linear regression to examine average ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure across pregnancy in relation to PNS withdrawal and activation, indexed by changes in respiration-corrected respiratory sinus arrhythmia (${\text{RSA}}_c$)-an established metric of HRV that reflects cardiac vagal tone. We examined interactions with infant sex using cross-product terms.

Results: In adjusted models we found that a 1-unit increase in ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ (in micrograms per cubic meter) was associated with a 3.53% decrease in baseline ${\text{RSA}}_c$ (95% CI: $-6.96$, 0.02). In models examining ${\text{RSA}}_c$ change between episodes, higher ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ was generally associated with reduced PNS withdrawal during stress and reduced PNS activation during recovery; however, these associations were not statistically significant. We did not observe a significant interaction between ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ and sex.

Discussion: Prenatal exposure to ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ may disrupt cardiac vagal tone during infancy. Future research is needed to replicate these preliminary findings. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4434.