Abstract
Recent clinical and therapeutic success with RAF and MEK1/2 inhibitors has revolutionized the existing treatment schemes for previously incurable cancers like melanomas. However, the overall therapeutic efficacies are still largely compromised by the dose-limiting side effects and emerging drug resistance mechanisms. Accumulating evidence has revealed the intricate nature of the RAS-RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway, such as activation mechanisms, kinase-substrate relationships, crosstalk with parallel signaling pathways, feedback regulations, and intimate interplay with immune responses. Limited strategies are currently available to exploit the benefits of combining RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway inhibitors with other targeted therapies or immunotherapies. Here, we compiled the kinase-substrate relationships and analyzed the intricate signaling networks of the renowned pathway, providing an integrated and simplified visualization, to reveal the potentials of RAS-RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-based combination therapies.
Keywords:
RAF-MEK-ERK pathway; bypass signaling; combination therapy; crosstalk; drug resistance; kinase–substrate relationship.
Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / administration & dosage
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Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / pharmacology*
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Humans
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Immunologic Factors / administration & dosage
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Immunologic Factors / pharmacology*
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Immunologic Factors / therapeutic use
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MAP Kinase Signaling System / drug effects
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / antagonists & inhibitors
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / immunology
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / metabolism
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / antagonists & inhibitors
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / immunology
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / metabolism
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / administration & dosage
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / immunology
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism*
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Neoplasms / drug therapy*
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Neoplasms / enzymology
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Neoplasms / immunology
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Protein Kinase Inhibitors / pharmacology*
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Protein Kinase Inhibitors / therapeutic use
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raf Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
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raf Kinases / immunology
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raf Kinases / metabolism
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ras Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors
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ras Proteins / immunology
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ras Proteins / metabolism
Substances
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Immunologic Factors
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Protein Kinase Inhibitors
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raf Kinases
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MAPK1 protein, human
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MAPK3 protein, human
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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ras Proteins