Helping actions given and received in response to suicide risk: Findings from an Australian nationally representative telephone survey

Angela Nicholas; Jane Pirkis; Anthony Jorm; Matthew J Spittal; Nicola Reavley

doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100483

Helping actions given and received in response to suicide risk: Findings from an Australian nationally representative telephone survey

SSM Popul Health. 2019 Sep 13:9:100483. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100483. eCollection 2019 Dec.

Authors

Angela Nicholas¹, Jane Pirkis¹, Anthony Jorm¹, Matthew J Spittal¹, Nicola Reavley¹

Affiliation

¹ Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia.

Abstract

We conducted a nationally representative telephone survey of 3000 Australian adults. We assessed helping responses toward people in severe distress and experiencing suicidal thoughts by asking whether respondents had undertaken 15 specified helping actions (10 recommended and 5 non-recommended actions) to support such a person. We also asked respondents who had experienced suicidal ideation in the last 12 months whether the most helpful person at that time had undertaken the 15 specified helping actions. We weighted the data to represent the Australian adult population, calculated percentage frequencies for the helping actions and used logistic regression to analyse whether sociodemographic and exposure variables related to helping actions taken. Recommended supportive actions consistent with best practice were most commonly undertaken (e.g., listened to their problems without judgement: 96.5%, 95% CI 94.6-97.7); however, some non-recommended actions (e.g., reminded the person what they have they going for them: 91.6%, 95% CI 89.1-93.5) were also very common. Suicide risk assessment actions such as asking if they had a plan for suicide (39.8%; 95% CI 35.0-44.9), and encouraging professional help (e.g., helped make an appointment with a health professional: 61.3%, 95% CI 57.4-65.2) were relatively uncommon. Age, gender, level of education, language spoken at home, own suicidal ideation and suicide prevention training were shown to affect the odds of carrying out various helping actions. Australian adults need to be educated to ask direct questions about suicide risk and to encourage others in distress to seek professional help. There may also be a place for discouraging certain behaviours that oppose best practice in suicide prevention. While most previous studies have assessed intentions to help a person at risk of suicide, this study makes a unique contribution to the literature by assessing 'real-world' helping behaviour, including the occurrence of helping actions undertaken that oppose best practice in suicide prevention.