A Review of Pharmacist-led Interventions on Diabetes Outcomes: An Observational Analysis to Explore Diabetes Care Opportunities for Pharmacists

Muhammad Z Iqbal; Amer Hayat Khan; Muhammad S Iqbal; Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman

doi:10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_138_19

A Review of Pharmacist-led Interventions on Diabetes Outcomes: An Observational Analysis to Explore Diabetes Care Opportunities for Pharmacists

J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2019 Oct-Dec;11(4):299-309. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_138_19.

Authors

Muhammad Z Iqbal^{1

2}, Amer Hayat Khan¹, Muhammad S Iqbal³, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
² Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University Malaysia, Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia.
³ Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

A strict and adherence treatment is required by the patient with diabetes mellitus and it demands a proper self-medication by the patient. Pharmacists are involved in providing self-management support to the patients. This review evaluates the interventions of pharmacist for patients to improve self-management with diabetes mellitus and also to improve the clinical outcomes of diabetes mellitus. A comprehensive literature search was performed by using different keywords "pharmacist-led intervention," "diabetes," "effect of pharmacist on outcome of diabetes," and "self-management of diabetes" with the help of various electronic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from the beginning of the database through September 2018. The primary outcome was glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), whereas the secondary outcomes were blood glucose level, blood pressure (BP) measure, body mass index, lipids, adherence to medication, and quality of life. Twenty-five studies comprising 2997 diabetic patients were included in the analysis. Pharmacist-led intervention was involved in all included studies in the form of education on diabetes and its complications, medication adherence, lifestyle, and education about self-management skills. Pharmacist-led interventions are able to reduce HbA1c levels with a mean of 0.75%. Most studies do not expose the material and methods used in pharmacist-led intervention. The variation in the reduction of HbA1c, fasting blood sugar, BP, and lipid profile was due to the lack of this standardization. The included studies indicated that pharmacist-led interventions in diabetes mellitus can significantly improve the outcomes of diabetes mellitus and its complication later on. Hence, these long-term improvements in outcomes added more value of pharmacists in health-care system of the world.

Keywords: Blood pressure; body mass index; diabetes mellitus; diabetic complications; glycated hemoglobin; lipid profile; pharmacist intervention.

Publication types

Review