The Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by an unprecedented fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres, continues the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and devices. In this manuscript, we outline the way cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) have evolved into remarkably smaller units with greatly enhanced applicability and capabilities.
Keywords: cardiac pacing; cardiac resynchronization therapy; implantable cardioverter defibrillators; implantable heart failure sensor; implantable loop recorder.