Biological compound-eye systems have unique advantages in three-dimensional (3D) positioning based on light energy distribution. A curved compound eye was designed and manufactured to imitate a biological compound eye. To overcome the nonuniform off-axis response and enlarge the aperture of the eyelet, a novel dome light cone was designed. The dome light cone was designed as a conical structure, which consisted of a lot of fiber wires with a diameter of 6 μm. Additionally, based on the proposed biological compound-eye systems, an algorithm was proposed to obtain the 3D position of the object by analyzing the light location and intensity distribution. The effect of the illumination intensity, the position of the target's center, and the non-repeatability were evaluated. The relative standard uncertainty in the 3D position was estimated to be 8.6%. Low uncertainty verified the validity of the 3D localization algorithm.