Rationale: Comorbid use of heroin and cocaine is highly prevalent among drug users and can greatly increase addiction risk. Nonetheless, little is known regarding how a multi-drug history impacts motivation and cue responsivity to individual drugs.
Objective: We used behavioral-economic procedures to examine motivation to maintain drug consumption and tests of drug-seeking to drug-associated cues to assess sensitivity to heroin and cocaine-associated cues in rats that had a self-administration history of heroin, cocaine, or both drugs.
Results: Unexpectedly, we found that groups with a polydrug history of heroin and cocaine did not have higher levels of motivation or cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking for either cocaine or heroin compared to single drug groups. Nonetheless, we did find drug-specific differences in both economic price and cue sensitivity. Specifically, demand elasticity was lower for cocaine compared to heroin in animals with a single drug history, but not with polydrug groups. In addition, cocaine demand was predictive of the degree of cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking for cocaine following extinction, whereas heroin demand was predictive of the degree of reactivity to a heroin-associated cue. Furthermore, although cue reactivity following the initial self-administration phase did not differ across cues and drug history, reactivity to both heroin and cocaine cues was greater during subsequent heroin use compared to cocaine use, and this enhanced reactivity to heroin cues persisted during forced abstinence.
Conclusions: These results indicate that there is a greater motivation to maintain cocaine consumption, but higher sensitivity to drug-associated cues with a history of heroin use, suggesting that cocaine and heroin may drive continued drug use through different behavioral processes.
Keywords: Behavioral economics; Drug addiction; Reward; Rodent.