PM2.5 elements at an urban site in Yangtze River Delta, China: High time-resolved measurement and the application in source apportionment

Yiyong Yu; Shuyan He; Xilan Wu; Chi Zhang; Ying Yao; Hong Liao; Qin'geng Wang; Mingjie Xie

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.096

PM_2.5 elements at an urban site in Yangtze River Delta, China: High time-resolved measurement and the application in source apportionment

Environ Pollut. 2019 Oct:253:1089-1099. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.096. Epub 2019 Jul 19.

Authors

Yiyong Yu¹, Shuyan He¹, Xilan Wu², Chi Zhang², Ying Yao², Hong Liao³, Qin'geng Wang⁴, Mingjie Xie⁵

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
² NUIST Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
³ Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
⁴ State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China. Electronic address: wangqg@nju.edu.cn.
⁵ Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China. Electronic address: mingjie.xie@nuist.edu.cn.

PMID: 31434186
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.096

Abstract

Elemental concentrations of ambient aerosols are commonly sampled over 12-24 h, and the low time resolution puts a great limit on current understanding about the temporal variations and source apportionment based on receptor models. In this work, hourly-resolved concentrations of eighteen elements in PM_2.5 at an urban site in Nanjing, a megacity in Yangtze River Delta of east China, were obtained by using a Xact 625 ambient metals monitor from 12/12/2016 to 12/31/2017. The influence of traffic activities was clearly reflected by the spikes of crustal elements (e.g., Fe, Ca, and Si) in the morning rush hour, and the firework burning and sandstorm events during the sampling periods were tracked by sharp enrichment of Ba, K and Fe, Ca, Si, Ti in PM_2.5, respectively. To evaluate the advantage of hourly-resolved elements data in identifying impacts from specific emission sources, positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was performed with the 1-h data set (PMF_1-h) and 23-h averaged data (PMF_23-h), respectively. The 4- and 6-factor PMF_23-h solutions had similar factor profiles and consistent factor contributions as the corresponding PMF_1-h solutions. However, due to the limit in inter-sample variability, PMF analysis with 23-h average data misclassified some major (e.g., K, Fe, Zn, Ca, and Si) and trace (e.g., Pb) elements in factor profiles, resulting in different absolute factor contributions between PMF_23-h and PMF_1-h solutions. These results suggested the use of high time-resolved data to obtain valid and robust source apportionment results.

Keywords: Elements; High time-resolved; PM(2.5); Positive matrix factorization; Source apportionment.

MeSH terms

Aerosols / analysis
Air Pollutants / analysis*
China
Environmental Monitoring / methods*
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Metals / analysis
Particulate Matter / analysis*
Rivers

Substances

Aerosols
Air Pollutants
Metals
Particulate Matter