Background: The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and endoscopic characteristics and management of severe acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).
Methods: Patients hospitalized for severe GI bleeding under DOAC therapy were identified in 36 centres between June 2013 and March 2016. Clinical outcomes including re-bleeding, major cerebral and cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality were assessed initially and 30 days after admission.
Results: A total of 59 patients with anonymized detailed endoscopy reports for severe GI bleeding were considered. Mean age was 79.3 ± 10.0 years and 61.3% of patients were men. Patients had histories of hypertension (65.6%), heart failure (29.5%), coronary artery disease (27.9%), stroke (19.7%) and peripheral vascular disease (36.1%). Life-threatening bleeding was observed in 42.6%. Mean number of packed red blood cells transfused was 3.4 (range 1-31). Aetiology of bleeding (identified in 66.2% of cases) was peptic gastroduodenal ulcers (22%), diverticula (11.9%), angiodysplasia (8.5%), colorectal neoplasia (5.1%) and anorectal causes (5.1%). Endoscopic haemostasis was performed in 37.7% of patients. A low haemoglobin level was predictive of life-threatening bleeding and death in multivariate analysis. All-cause mortality rate at day 30 was 11.8%.
Conclusions: In this cohort of elderly patients with multiple comorbidities treated with DOACs, the main cause of severe acute GI bleeding was peptic gastroduodenal ulcer and mortality was high.
Keywords: apixaban; dabigatran; direct oral anticoagulants; endoscopy; gastrointestinal bleeding; haemostasis; rivaroxaban.